Biographical model. Walter (1996) rejects the dominant models of grief, which tend to focus on the necessity of working through emotion and separation to reach grief resolution. Instead, Walter believes that the bereaved typically want to talk about the deceased and share their memories with others. Walter contended that the purpose of grief is to reconstruct a new identity by creating a (new) life story that includes the deceased, and that interpersonal communication is the process by which this is done. Walter developed his biographical model to assist the bereaved in their mourning, by moving on “with” (as well as without) the deceased.
Dual-process model. Stroebe and Schut’s (1999) model illustrates another new way of explaining how the bereaved cope adaptively with their loss. The dual-process model acknowledges a wide variability in grief responses. The authors assume that grieving individuals must work through their emotions and need to adapt to their altered world. Stroebe and Schut propose that the bereaved tend to cope with stressors (i.e. the loss, demands in the environment) by oscillating between two types of coping processes:
“loss-orientation” and “restoration-orientation.” Loss-orientation refers to coping with issues that are directly related to the loss (e.g., loneliness, sadness, helplessness), whereas restoration-orientation refers to coping with issues related to secondary changes brought on by the loss (e.g., financial, family demands), and adapting to these issues. According to Stroebe and Schut, loss-oriented coping behaviours (e.g., crying, talking about feelings) help individuals to work through their emotions.
Restoration-oriented coping behaviours, such as learning new skills (e.g., how to balance a chequebook) or embracing a new identity (e.g., being a widower versus a spouse), helps the bereaved with distractions from their “loss” focus and to make adaptive life changes. Thus, the dual model suggests that the bereaved oscillate between confronting their stressors and taking breaks from their stressors. The model emphasizes that (a) at times, individuals may be more focused on coping with the loss itself, whereas at other times be more focused on adapting to an altered productive life, and (b) grieving may differ from one individual to another, from one moment to another, and from one culture to another.
References:
Wrong treatment can be devensec.com purchase viagra online disastrous. Both of these problems can hamper a person’s sex drive and their ability to cialis canada generic last longer in bed and satisfy her. This generic Sildenafil Citrate is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that prevents cyclic GMP from being degraded http://www.devensec.com/rules-regs/decregs601.html levitra pharmacy purchase by the enzyme called as PDE5. Finally, people suffering from kidney or liver disorders Tadagra is suitable for treating erectile dysfunction in some men; primarily by decreasing the compliance of the tissues in the corpora cavernosa.Cigarette smoking: Cigarette smoking aggravates atherosclerosis and thereby increases the risk for erectile dysfunctionDiabetes mellitus: Erectile dysfunction tends to develop 10-15 years earlier in diabetic men than among non-diabetic men. http://www.devensec.com/news/MRPC_Final%20_Report_7-12-16.pdf cheap brand levitra Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement:
Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23(3), 197-224.
Walter, T. (1996). A new model of grief: Bereavement and biography. Mortality 1(1),
7-25.